The Turing Machine consists of an infinite Tape with cells in which numbers (or other symbols) can be written, a Head that can move along the tape and write/erase numbers in the cells and a Programmer which defines the program for the Head. The Programmer works without any programming languages. It contains several (or many) very simple programs/states. Each of these programs simply finds out what is written in the cell that is currently under the Head and depending on the value, changes its value (or does not change), takes a step to the right or left and transfers control to one of the other programs/states (or does not transfer). That's all.
Although Alan Turing is associated with artificial intelligence, the architecture of the Turing Machine is not at all similar to a neural network. But it slightly reminds the Von Neumann architecture, which is the basis of all modern computers. Only instead of the Tape they have memory cells, instead of the Head, they have a processor that can access any memory cell and change its value. And instead of the Programmer with many microprograms, there are programming languages that allow to describe an algorithm as a story in (almost) human language.
Here are some PDF books about Turing Machine:
Turing Machines with Sublogarithmic Space
1994 by Andrzej Szepietowski
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Automata Theory, Languages of Machines and Computability
2018 by Shivam Saxena
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Theory of Computation: Automata, Formal Languages, Computation and Complexity
2025 by K.R. Chowdhary
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Logic in Computer Science
2025 by Hantao Zhang, Jian Zhang
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