Basically, an LLM is a mathematical model that understands our request (text) and generates a response (also text). That's why inside AI Agent there is another additional program that acts as a Middleman between the outside world and the LLM. When you ask the agent to do something (for example, create an event in your Google Calendar), the Middleman complements your prompt with something like "provide a response as a Google Calendar API query in JSON format." An obedient LLM responds with JSON text, which is parsed by the Middleman and sent to the calendar API.
Some tasks are more complex and require feedback from the outside world. For example, when you ask the AI agent, "What date is my meeting with Bob?" - it must not only send a request to Google Calendar but also receive a response - the date. The Middleman then receives a JSON response from the Google Calendar API and sends it back to the LLM with a comment like "This is a response from Google. Generate a text response for the user." The LLM generates a natural language response and the Middleman passes it on to you.
Besides the Middleman program, the AI agent has its own memory. LLM itself doesn't have the ability to remember information. When we communicate with ChatGPT, it doesn't actually remember anything; our entire chat is simply sent to it as a prompt each time. You've probably noticed that as the chat length increases, it responds more and more slowly, even to simple questions. That's why AI Agent also needs to internally store a history of texts received from a user and send the entire history to the LLM input each time.
Here are some PDF books about AI Agents:
Rise of the AI Agents: How Digital Twins and APIs Are Replacing the Workforce
2025 by Julian Trent

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AI Agents in Practice: Design, implement and scale autonomous AI systems for production
2025 by Valentina Alto

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AI Agents: The Invisible Workforce of the Future
2024 by Lucas D. Prescott

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